What do System of Systems (SoS) typically involve?

System of Systems (SoS) typically involve large-scale interdisciplinary problems with multiple, heterogeneous, distributed systems. This reflects the nature of SoS, which encompasses a collection of independent systems that interact and combine their capabilities to achieve a higher-level objective.

In a SoS, the systems involved are not only diverse in function and design but also operate in a collaborative environment where they share information and resources. This complexity requires an understanding of various disciplines, as the interplay of different systems often produces emergent behaviors that can be unpredictable and may require unique management approaches.

The contrast with other options helps clarify why this choice stands out. For instance, small-scale independent components would not encapsulate the essence of SoS, as SoS are defined by their larger and more complex interactions. Single-system management practices would similarly fall short, as SoS necessitate coordination across multiple systems rather than focusing on a singular system. Lastly, standalone solutions to technical issues do not capture the collaborative and interconnected nature of SoS, where the strength lies in the synergy created by integrating multiple systems.

Thus, the appropriate understanding of SoS aligns perfectly with the complexities and interdisciplinary focus depicted in the correct answer.