What type of systems does the term 'System of Systems' primarily refer to?

The term 'System of Systems' primarily refers to interconnected systems that maintain distinct goals while also possessing a degree of autonomy. This concept emphasizes that these systems are not just a collection of independent entities; instead, they work together in a collaborative environment to achieve broader objectives that may not be attainable by any individual system alone. Each system in a 'System of Systems' retains its independence, yet they interact and interoperate with one another, allowing for enhanced capabilities and efficiencies.

In a 'System of Systems,' the interactions among the various systems often lead to emergent behaviors, meaning that the collective performance or capabilities of the entire system is greater than the sum of its parts. This is fundamentally different from independent single systems that operate in isolation, or systems that require minimal interaction, as those do not exhibit the complex interrelations and cooperative functionalities that define a 'System of Systems.' The distinction also extends to include all systems in general, as 'System of Systems' specifically focuses on a unique classification characterized by autonomy and collaboration among diverse yet interconnected entities.