Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emergent properties?

Emergent properties are features or behaviors that arise from the interactions of components within a system, which cannot be simply predicted by examining the individual parts. The correct answer pertains to the nature of emergent properties in relation to system design.

Independence from system design suggests that these properties are not influenced by how the system is arranged or constructed. However, emergent properties are indeed strongly influenced by the system's design because the interactions among components are fundamentally shaped by the architecture and relationships established during the design phase. This means that the way in which components are connected and interact with each other can significantly determine the emergent behaviors that arise.

In contrast, reinforcement among properties signifies how the interactions of different properties can enhance certain behaviors. Interference with other system functions indicates that emergent properties can create disruptions among various functions of a system, resulting in complex behavior. Resonance in system behavior refers to the frequencies and patterns that may emerge due to specific design configurations and interactions. All these concepts respect the interplay between design and the resultant emergent properties, highlighting how they are not truly independent of that design.